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Solid State Batteries and Remaining Materials Challenges
The key advantages expected from solid-state batteries have changed with time. While originally safety was a strong trigger for SSB research and development, later high specific energy and high specific power came up as major drivers. Meanwhile expectations are as diverse as the various SSB cell concepts - which range from hybrid (semi-solid) or multilayer cell concepts to all-ceramic cell concepts, yet safety, specific energy and power are still top KPIs. Due to the remaining challenges, the timeline of announcements of SSBs as commercial products has continuously shifted, and reliable projection is difficult from the academic perspective.
In this lecture, I will summarize some remaining key issues on the way to high-performance sulfide-type solid-state batteries from my own academic perspective and will try to provide a balanced opinion. Own research results will be used to exemplify these issues:
First, the construction of high-rate cathode composites and their pressure and temperature dependence will be discussed, along with issues of electrochemical stability. The best choice for the cathode electrolyte will be critically considered.
Second, the properties of sufficiently thin separators will be discussed. The self-discharge of SSBs through minor electronic conductivity of the separator electrolyte will be quantified, and the influence of SEI and CEI formation for the lithium inventory will be discussed.
Third, the current state of research on the lithium metal anode will be considered and own research on lithium microstructure and interlayers for improved anode operation will be presented.
Jürgen Janek is professor for Physical Chemistry at Justus Liebig University in Giessen (JLU). Germany, director of the JLU Center for Materials Research and Scientific Director of the BELLA lab at KIT, Karlsruhe. Recently, he also became Distinguished Professor at Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan. He is member of the Leopoldina – German National Academy of Sciences and holds a honorary doctorate from Technical University of Delft, The Netherlands. He holds numerous patents and has published more than 600 peer-reviewed papers. His research interests focus on the physical chemistry of inorganic solids, solid state ionics and reactivity, specifically on the properties of mixed ionic-electronic conductors, defect chemistry of ionic materials, kinetics of solid-state reactions and solid-solid interfaces. In recent years his research is focused strongly to the chemistry of battery materials, solid electrolytes and solid-state batteries and operando studies of batteries. He is scientific coordinator of the German Cluster of Competence for Solid State Batteries FESTBATT funded by BMBF (Federal Ministry for Education and Research) since 2019 and is one the spokespersons of the DFG Cluster of Excellence POLIS at Ulm/Karlsruhe/Giessen, funded from 2026 till 2032.
